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After working for the diplomat for over two years, she agreed to come to the United States based on the promise that they would give her better pay and working conditions. But the diplomats ignored their promises and forced her to work seven days per week from 6:30 a.m. until at least 10:30 p.m., sometimes as late as 1:30 a.m. They paid her only $242 to $260 per month, instead of the $1280 stated in the employment contract the diplomats presented to the U.S. Embassy in Kuwait. The diplomats confiscated Quadros passport and isolated her from the outside world. They prohibited her from leaving the house alone and they restricted her ability to attend church. They even forbade her from approaching the windows, looking outside, or opening the door. They verbally abused her and deprived her of food, rest, and medical care. On January 18, 2006, Quadros fled the diplomats house together with Gila Sixtina Fernandes, another domestic worker abused in the same household. In January 2007, Quadros joined Mani Kumari Sabbithi in suing the diplomats and the country of Kuwait./Ms. S. came from Peru on a G-5 visa to work for an employee of INTELSAT . For 13 months she cleaned the employer s apartment and looked after her infant twins. She had to sleep in the same room as the twins, and worked all night as first one twin and then another needed feeding, changing or comforting. During the day, she cleaned the employer s apartment, did laundry, and minded the children. She was verbally abused by the employer s spouse. She had only a half-day off each week. She worked approximately 150 hours per week, and earned $1.15 per hour.xMani Kumari Sabbithi, a citizen of India, was brought to the United States in July 2005 by Major Waleed Al Saleh, a Military Attachщ to the Embassy of Kuwait, and his wife, Maysaa Al Omar, to work in their home in McLean, Virginia. The diplomat and his wife forcibly confined Sabbithi in their home, confiscated her passport, and forced her to work sixteen to nineteen hours per day, seven days per week. They paid her family in India $242 per month and paid her nothing. Al Omar verbally and physically abused Sabbithi on a regular basis, slapping her, pushing her into the wall, pulling her hair, and hitting her with heavy objects. On numerous occasions, Al Omar threatened to kill Sabbithi and send her defiled body back to India. On October 31, 2005, Al Omar became enraged with Sabbithi for incorrectly preparing a meal for the children, pulled her hair, and threatened to cut off her tongue. Al Saleh then came into the kitchen, yelled at Sabbithi, and pushed her so violently that she struck her head on a table and lost consciousness. That same day Sabbithi fled and sought refuge at a neighbor s house. In January 2007, along with the two other workers exploited by Al Saleh and Al Omar, Sabbithi brought a lawsuit against the diplomat, his wife, and the State of Kuwait for trafficking and forced labor. The case is currently pending before a Washington, D.C. District Court. ‘Florence Sadibou, a Senegalese domestic worker on a G-5 visa, was employed by an African United Nations official from November 1994 through October 1995. Sadibou worked fourteen hours per day, seven days per week. Sadibou s employer withheld her passport and threatened her with deportation if she left the home. Sadibou brought a civil complaint against her employer; the parties settled the case.ІDaniela Sanchez, a Chilean domestic worker on a G-5 visa, was employed by an Inter-American Development Bank consultant. Sanchez was verbally abused by her employer.Alexandra Santacruz, an Ecuadorian citizen, worked for Efrain Baus, the first secretary at Ecuador s mission to the Organization of American States (OAS). Santacruz had worked for Baus family in Ecuador but once she arrived in the United States, her employer confiscated her passport. For nearly two years she worked for more than 80 hours per week. As her < work environment deteriorated and Santacruz realized the plight of her situation she thought about escaping, but she was afraid to leave as she had no money and feared she would lose her visa and/or be arrested. When Santacruz was rescued by lawyers from CASA of Maryland it was found that her employers owed her about $20,000 in back wages. Shortly thereafter, Santacruz reached a satisfactory agreement with her former employer.нVishranthamma Swarna, an Indian citizen on an A-3 visa, came to the United States to work for a high-ranking Minister to the Kuwait Mission to the United Nations. For four years she worked eighteen hours per day. She was promised a salary of $2,000 per month in her employment contract, but her employers paid her only $200 per month. For four years her employers refused to permit Swarna to leave their Manhattan apartment unaccompanied, confiscating her passport and threatening her with physical harm if she attempted to escape. The diplomat and his wife heaped insults upon Swarna, screaming at her and subjecting her to constant psychological abuse. In the final two years of her servitude with the family, the diplomat repeatedly raped her at will. The Southern District of New York dismissed her civil suit in 2004 after her employer asserted diplomatic immunity. Swarna has a new case pending before the Southern District of New York, Swarna v. Al-Awadi, et al., filed 2006.Yeshehareg Teffera, an Ethiopian citizen, was brought to the U.S. in 1991 by an International Monetary Fund (IMF) official, Dawit Makonnen. Teffera was paid a total of $1,060 for eight years of around-the-clock work. Makonnen illegally kept Teffera as an employee even after he left the IMF. In 1998 Teffera ran away and, with the help of a Break the Chain Campaign lawyer, won a $342,000 judgment against Makonnen. Makonnen fled the U.S. to avoid paying the fine. Despite extensive press coverage of the case in both the U.S. and Ethiopia, Makonnen secured  at least for a time  a post at the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA) in Addis Ababa.ЙCorazon Tabion, a Filipina citizen, was brought to the United States as a domestic servant by Faris Mufti, Counsellor of the Jordanian Embassy. Tabion brought an action against her employer alleging numerous complaints arising from the employment relationship. The U.S. District Court of the Eastern District of Virginia found that the defendant was entitled to diplomatic immunity and quashed service of process, and plaintiff appealed. The Court of Appeals held that the employment of the domestic servant was not  commercial activity for the purposes of the exception to diplomatic immunity under the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations. Tabion v. Mufti, 73 F.3d 535 (4th Cir. 1996).ЬNatalia Vasquez, a Peruvian domestic worker on an A-3 visa, was employed from 1998 through 2001 by a Latin American diplomat. Before Vasquez arrived in the U.S., her employer made her sign a contract stating that she would earn $1,000/month. She was explicitly told by her employer that the contract was signed to satisfy U.S. visa requirements, but that it was not binding and was not intended to govern their employment relationship in the United States. ЧGermania Velasco Bone was brought to the United States by Veronica Pena, former Second Secretary of the Ecuadorian Mission to the Organization of American States (OAS), and her husband Nelson Vinueza. Velasco Bone found little comfort and no privacy in her new home, where she was forced to sleep in the basement laundry room. Velasco Bone was severely underpaid  her contract promised $6 per hour, but she received as little as $1 per hour. On several occasions, Velasco Bone confronted her employer, asking that she be paid a suitable wage, but her requests were never granted. Instead, Pena restricted Velasco Bone s capacity and willingness to act in response to the unlawful treatment by holding her passport as leverage. With the help of lawyers from CASA of Maryland, Velasco Bone was able to escape. Velasco Bone is still owed up to $28,000. Her employer returned to Ecuador and efforts to negotiate a settlement with Ecuadorian officials were not successful. In 2005 Velasco Bone testified before the Montgomery County Council to request legislation that would establish a  living wage for domestic workers of at least $10.50 per hour and mandate the right to a written contract, sick leave and vacation.LGema Villanueva, an El Salvadoran domestic worker on an A-3 visa, was employed by an administrative assistant for a Latin American military attachщ from August 1998 through 2001. Villanueva s employer led her to believe that she would not likely be granted a visa because her employer had gone through several A-3 domestic workers.ЅMildrate Yancho, a Cameroonian national on an A-3 visa, worked for eleven months for a diplomat employed by the Cameroonian Embassy. Yancho s employer never paid her, never gave her a day off, severely beat her, and confiscated her passpo< rt. Yancho won a civil suit against the diplomat in Maryland district court to reclaim her passport from the employers, but the decision was later vacated when the diplomat raised the defense of diplomatic immunity. She has never received any of the money owed her. The Embassy of Cameroon formally declined to investigate the case, calling it a private matter between Yancho and the diplomat. Nchang v. Nyamboli  judgment vacated 2006.ODiana, a Ghanaian elementary school teacher, was brought as a domestic worker to the U.S. on a G-5 visa by a field engineer for the World Bank. Despite her employment contract stating a 40-hour work week, Diana was forced to work an average of 15 hours per day. For the first two months, she did not receive a single day off. She was given $400 for four-and-a-half months of labor. To keep her from leaving the house, Diana s employer told her she would be raped or kidnapped if she went outside. Diana escaped her situation when her employer attempted to send her back to Ghana  she jumped out of the car en route to the airport in Washington, DC and fled to New Jersey. Through Immigration and Naturalization Services, she heard about the Break the Chain Campaign, which secured a lawyer and has brought a suit against her former employer.РA Tanzanian domestic worker for an employee of the Tanzanian Mission to the United Nations signed an employment contract that subsequently was not followed. The employer opened a joint bank account for the worker from which the employer freely withdrew money. Over the course of 21 months, the domestic worker was only paid a total of $630. Through Break the Chain Campaign lawyers, the domestic worker was able to reach an out-of-court settlement. Last Name First NameWorkerDiplomatSabbithiQuadrosJoaquinaMzengiGonzalez ParedesBegumShamelaAl-SalehWaleedKuwaitIndia Legal ActionTanzania NationalityMazengoZipora Elizabeth RoungprachMariamThailand Saudi Arabia Al-BanyanAbdulrahman S.AhmedFariba BangladeshRaziah F. A. ShamimHuayta Otilia LuzNationality/TitleAjasiHildahZimbabweAisah IndonesiaParaguay ArgentinaOcaresSusanaChile Ali FahadAl-Hajri)Ambassador to the Qatar Mission of the UNMajingoPoppy)Secretary for Economics, Botswana EmbassyBolivia Lucia MabelVilaDiana not listedGhana!Field Engineer for the World Bank Dos Santos Hilda RosaBrazilBonettiRene and Margarida YesheharegEthiopiaMakonnenDawitOut of Court SettlementIguagoEcuador Siti (Ali)Alan and StellaMinister at Tanzanian EmbassySwarnaVishranthamma "Sheela"Al-Awadi#Bader and Halal Muhammad Al-ShaitanJose Luis and Monica NielsenYanchoMildrateCameroonBahraini Mission to UNSettledTabionMuftiChereBeletashachew Ayenachew(Employee of the UN Development Programme'Employee of Tanzanian Mission to the UNMukaKurinah Diplomat Princess Halla and#Counsellor of the Jordanian EmbassyFaris and LanaCorazonParkShinCaracasMarilynIMFGuyanaSatyalSangitaNepalFilipinaTeferra Santacruz AlexandraGermaniaVeronicaBausEfrainTaye!Fesseha and wife Alemtashai GirmaBenjoAliceChumoMaryKenyaBelsoi Visa TypeA-3G-5MorteyDoraArmar AmarquayePena Montero/VinuezaVeronica/Nelson Velasco BoneMartinezLilianaPeruOrtegaAnita GuatemalaAssefaTseheyeHerediaGlendaLatin American DiplomatJimenezPaulaColombiaPerez MargaritaEspinozaTeresaCruzSadibouFlorenceSenegalAfrican UN OfficalCastroElena"Latin American World Bank OfficialChavezJulia OAS OfficialSanchezDanielaEuropean DiplomatKuwaKakaSudanAfrican World Bank OfficialVasquezNatalia VillanuevaGema El SalvadorLarbiGladysF Martha Honey, D.C. s Indentured Servants, The Progressive, Dec. 1997.  (ELen Lefkow, Rita in Need of Rescue, WASH. POST, May 25, 2003, at B08. "ЄStephanie Armour, Part 1: Some Foreign Household Workers Enslaved, USA TODAY, Nov. 21, 2001, available at http://www.usatoday.com/money/general/2001/11/19/cover.htm A] jЃStephanie Armour, Part 1:Some Foreign Household Workers Enslaved, USA TODAY, Nov. 21, 2001, available at http://www.usatoday.com/money/general/2001/11/19/cover.htm  @\ inSandra Evans & John Burgess, Maid Says Saudi Diplomat Withheld Wages, Food, Wash. Post, Nov. 30, 1999, at D1.  J[Joel Mowbray, The Houses of Saud; Inside, Slavery Lives On, WASH. TIMES, Feb. 7, 2003, A23. :ЃAbid Aslam, Plight of Domestic Workers Wins Congressional Ear, INTERPRESS SERVICE (Feb. 16, 2000) http://www.globalexchange.org/campaigns/wbimf/ips021600.html.pf. =|Hidden in the Home: Abuse of Domestic Workers with Special Visas in the United States, HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH, June 2001, at 12.U~Hidden in the Home: Abuse of Domestic Workers with Special Visas in the United States, HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH, June 2001, at 8-10.U|Hidden in the Home: Abuse of Domestic Workers with Special Visas in the United States, HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH, June 2001, at 13.U|Hidden in the Home: Abuse of Domestic Workers with Special Visas in the United States, HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH, June 2001, at 14.UHidden in the Home: Abuse of Domestic Workers with Special Visas in the United States, HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH, June 2001, at 18-19.UHidden in the Home: Abuse of Domestic Workers with Special Visas in the United States, HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH, June 2001, at 4, 19.UHidden in the Home: Abuse of Domestic Workers with Special Visas in the United States, HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH, June 2001, at 21-22.U„Hidden in the Home: Abuse of Domestic Workers with Special Visas in the United States, HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH, June 2001, at 15, 18, 24.UHidden in the Home: Abuse of Domestic Workers with Special Visas in the United States, HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH, June 2001, at 24-25.U€Hidden in the Home: Abuse of Domestic Workers with Special Visas in the United States, HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH, June 2001, at 16, 25.U|Hidden in the Home: Abuse of Domestic Workers with Special Visas in the United States, HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH, June 2001, at 25.U|Hidden in the Home: Abuse of Domestic Workers with Special Visas in the United States, HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH, June 2001, at 33.UMBreak the Chain Campaign, Stories http://www.ips-dc.org/campaign/stories.htm Mendoza Prudencia Carpio Malaga Juan and Gina UN EmployeesQErnesto Londo, Ex-Worker Sues Envoy Of Tanzania, WASH. POST, May 2, 2007, at B01. /QIkimulisa Livingston, Nanny Sues U.N. 'Slave' Employers, N.Y. POST, Oct. 9, 2007< . 7IACHR Petition Fernandes Mani KumariSabbithi complaint„Hidden in the Home: Abuse of Domestic Workers with Special Visas in the United States, HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH, June 2001, at 14, 19, 25.U Citations Settled 2000Щ1) Hidden in the Home: Abuse of Domestic Workers with Special Visas in the United States, HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH, June 2001, at 10-11. 2) NewsMax.com Wires, June 16, 2001, "Diplomats Hold Slaves - in U.S." Xx1) Matt Kelley, Some Embassy Workers Enslave Domestic Help. Enjoy Immunity, NEWSTANDARD, July 4, 2004. 2) IACHR Petition JC 1) Somini Sengupta, An Immigrant's Legal Enterprise; In Suing Employer, Maid Fights Diplomatic Immunity, N.Y. TIMES, Jan. 12, 2000. 2) Metro News Briefs: New York; Bahraini Diplomat Claims Immunity in Suit, N.Y. TIMES, Jan. 26, 2000, at B1. 3) Somini Sengupta, U.S. Supports Bid to Dismiss Maid's Suit Against Envoy, N.Y. TIMES, Apr. 4, 2000. 4) Somini Sengupta, Settlement Reached in Maid's Suit Against Diplomat, N.Y. TIMES, July 15, 2000. 5) Lena Sun, "Modern-Day Slavery Prompts Rescue Efforts: Groups Target Abuse of Foreign Maids, Nannies, Wash. Post, May 3, 2004, at A1.  g‡ Э ;k Ч !і1) Stephanie Armour, Part 1: Some Foreign Household Workers Enslaved, USA TODAY, Nov. 21, 2001, available at http://www.usatoday.com/money/general/2001/11/19/cover.htm 2)Break the Chain Campaign, Stories http://www.ips-dc.org/campaign/stories.htm D` lE1) Colbert I. King, The Slaves in Our Midst, WASH. POST, Dec. 23, 2006, at A21. 2) Henri E. Cauvin, Diplomat's Ex-Employee Sues for Wages, Damages, WASH. POST, Jan. 19, 2006, at B02. 3) Cynthia Di Pasquale, Domestic worker files suit against Argentinean Dipolomat, DAILY RECORD (BALTIMORE), Jan. 19, 2006. 4) IACHR Petition +e “а †1)William Branigin, Domestic Servants Protest Treatment, Wash. Post, Sept. 29, 1999, at B4. 2) Abid Aslam, Plight of Domestic Workers Wins Congressional Ear, INTERPRESS SERVICE (Feb. 16, 2000), http://www.globalexchange.org/campaigns/wbimf/ips021600.html.pf. 3) http://www.ips-dc.org/campaign/stories.htm 4) William Branigin, Domestic Servants Protest Treatment, WASH. POST, Sept. 29, 1999. 7k œF iб 1) Lena Sun,  Modern-Day Slavery Prompts Rescue Efforts: Groups Target Abuse of Foreign Maids, Nannies, Wash. Post, May 3, 2004, at A1. 2) Advocates Look for Signs of Worker Abuse, SEATTLE TIMES, May 4, 2004. gŒ Д^1) NPR, April 12, 2007, "Servants:Diplomat Held Us as Suburban 'Slaves'" 2) Sabbithi complaintР1) Henri E. Cauvin, Workers Allege Abuse by Kuwaiti Attache, WASH. POST, Jan. 18, 2007, at A12. 2) NPR, April 12, 2007, "Servants:Diplomat Held Us as Suburban 'Slaves'" 3) Sabbithi complaint  ;g 1) Lena Sun,  Modern-Day Slavery Prompts Rescue Efforts: Groups Target Abuse of Foreign Maids, Nannies, Wash. Post, May 3, 2004, at A1. 2) Lena Sun, UPDATE: Rescued Va. Nannies at the Forefront of a Push to Protect Domestic Workers, WASH. POST, Dec. 11, 2005, at C02. 3) Lena Sun, Protection Sought for Diplomats' Domestics, WASH. POST, May 26, 2004, at A04. g– ш D1) Matt Kelley, Some Embassy Workers Enslave Domestic Help. Enjoy Immunity, NEWSTANDARD, July 4, 2004. 2) Asjylyn Loder, Domestic Worker Challenges Diplomatic Immunity, May 23, 2004, available at http://www.womenenews.org/article.cfm/dyn/aid/1843/context/archive Jy ЇЗ У™ 1) Martha Honey, D.C. s Indentured Servants, The Progressive, Dec. 1997. 2) Break the Chain Campaign, Stories http://www.ips-dc.org/campaign/stories.htm  +1) William Branigin, Domestic Servants Protest Treatment, Wash. Post, Sept. 29, 1999, at B4 2) Stephanie Armour, Part 2: Many Workers Fall Victim to Abuse Again, USA TODAY, Nov. 21, 2001, available at http://www.usatoday.com/money/covers/2001-11-20-bcovtue.htm 3) Break the Chain Campaign, www.ips-dc.org/campaign/stories.htm 4) William Branigin, Domestic Servants Protest Treatment, WASH. POST, Sept. 29, 1999. 8q  М Ш] €˜1) Martha Honey, D.C. s Indentured Servants, The Progressive, Dec. 1997. 2) Break the Chain Campaign, Stories http://www.ips-dc.org/campaign/stories.htmSMMexicoCJamaicaHPeruvian Diplomat;Elizabeth Keyes, Staff Attorney, CASA of Maryland, May 2007JaneRitaJamilaMaryamSaida(Not Reported)N/APendingCourt Case(s) - StatusIACHR Petition - PendingLawsuit dropped.Representative of Middle Eastern mission to UN(African Senior Research officer with IMF;Deputy Permanent Representative of Bangladesh Mission to UNAsian Diplomat Philippines"$210,000 Judgment against diplomatEmployee of German Embassy IMF Official&Representative of a mission ot the OASWorld Bank Official(Employee of United Arab Emirates EmbassySuit brought against dipolomatAustralian Employee of IMF#Tanzanian Analyst at the World BankEmployee of Kenyan EmbassyGuatemalan OAS OfficialEmployee of INTELSAT *Inter-American Development Bank Consultant/First Secretary at Ecuador's Administrative Assistant for a Latin American Military Attacheœ Cases Publicized in Media, Court Filings, and Human Rights Reports (Compiled by ACLU - Women's Rights Project 2007)(Amicus Brief in Gonzalez Paredes v. Vila \Ahmed v. Hoque, No. 01 Civ. 7224, 2002 WL 1964806 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 23, 2002). - Dismissed 2002MChere v. Taye 04cv6264 (D.N.J. filed June 30, 2005; ACLU Case) - Settled 2005 =Sabbithi v. State of Kuwait (filed 2007, ACLU case) - Pending‚1) Gonzalez Paredes v. Vila, et al. (filed 2006, ACLU filed Amicus Brief) - Diplomatic Immunity Upheld 2) IACHR Petition - Pending Mazengo v. Mzengi - PendingsPark v. Shin, No. C-01-1800 MMC, 2001 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 11580 (N.D. Cal. Aug. 9, 2001). - Diplomatic immunity upheld VPark v. Shin, No. C-01-1800 MMC, 2001 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 11580 (N.D. Cal. Aug. 9, 2001). >Sabbithi v. State of Kuwait (filed 2007, ACLU case) - Pending… 1) Vishranthamma v. Al-Awadi  filed 2006 - Pending 2) dismissed 2004 (ACLU advised) HTabion v. Mufti 73 F.3d 535 (4th Cir. 1996) - Diplomatic immunity upheld€Nchang v. Nyamboli, Civil Case No. 0502-0001-794-2005 (Md. Cir. Ct., P< rince George Cty., Nov. 30, 2006). - Judgment vacated 2006ž Table of Publicly Reported Cases of Abuse and Exploitation of Migrant Domestic Workers Employed by Diplomats -- Case SummaryFariba Ahmed, a Bangladeshi domestic worker on a G-5 visa, was employed from December 1998 through August 1999 by a representative of a Middle Eastern Mission to the United Nations. Ahmed worked for an average of 14 hours per day, seven days per week without a single day off. She was paid only $100 per month  the equivalent of approximately $1.03 per hour, or 20 percent of the federal hourly minimum wage. Ahmed brought an action against the diplomat, alleging that the minister had enslaved and confined her in violation of federal laws, New York state labor laws, international treaties and conventions, and the customary law of nations. The District Court dismissed the case, Ahmed v. Hoque, 2002 WL 1964806 (S.D.N.Y.) in 2002 on the grounds of diplomatic immunity. Tseheye Assefa, an Ethiopian domestic worker on a G-5 visa, was employed from February 1990 through June 1992 by an African Senior Research Officer for the International Monetary Fund (IMF). During this time her sponsoring employer resigned from his post at the IMF, thereby becoming ineligible to employ a G-5 domestic worker, resulting in Assefa s loss of immigration status. Assefa nonetheless continued to work for this employer until May 1998. In Assefa s civil complaint, she alleged that her employer beat her for crying. Her employer was ordered by the Court to pay back wages, liquidated damages, and attorneys fees and costs. уShamela Begum, a mother of three from Bangladesh moved to the United States with a special visa to work for a diplomat at the Bahraini Mission to the United Nations in New York. The diplomat confiscated Begum s passport as soon as she arrived, forced her to work seven days per week, and forbade her to leave the apartment alone. She was paid only $100 per month. She sued her employer in the Southern District of New York. Her case was settled for an undisclosed amount in 2000.{Ms. C., a citizen of Jamaica, was brought to the United States by her employers on a G-5 visa to serve as a maid and to care for the employers young daughter. Although she was promised a salary of $6.46 per hour, she was actually only paid $1.60 per hour. She regularly worked in excess of 90 hours per week. Her employers owe her more than $30,000 in back wages and overtime.ƒMs. C. came to the United States on a G-5 visa to work for a Peruvian family. She worked an average of 88 hours per week, cleaning, cooking and caring for the employers children. For her labor, she was paid a mere $1.18 per hour. Her employers took advantage of their diplomatic immunity and left the United States in December 2004, without having acknowledged the debt they owe Ms. C.ћElena Castro, a Peruvian citizen, came to the United States on a G-5 visa to work for a Latin American World Bank Official. She was explicitly told by her employer that her contract was simply issued to satisfy the U.S. visa requirements, but was not binding and was not intended to govern their employment relationship in the United States. Castro s employer told her that she had to sign the contract, even though he could not afford to pay the salary listed therein, because it was just a formality. Over the course of Castro s employment she was the victim of countless invasions of privacy. Every Sunday (her only day off of the week) her employer searched through her possessions, and on one occasion read her diary and became angry at her for what she had written. Such disrespectful invasions violated her dignity. Castro s employer put her health in jeopardy by ordering her to clean the bathrooms with very strong chemical agents, thereby denying her right to work in a healthy and safe working environment.ЋJulia Chavez, a Bolivian domestic worker on a G-5 visa, was employed by an official of the Organization of American States (OAS) from July 1997 through October 1998. Chavez filed a civil suit against her former employer and his wife alleging failure to pay minimum wage, denial of access to medical care, verbal harassment, false imprisonment, involuntary servitude, and rape by a friend of the employer. The case was settled.™Beletashachew Ayenachew Chere, an Ethiopian citizen, came to the U.S. on a special visa to work for Fesseha Taye, an employee of the United Nations Development Prog< ramme, and his wife Alemtashai Taye. Chere was forced to work seven days per week for approximately eighteen hours per day. Chere was never paid for her seventeen months of work. Her male employer sexually abused her. Isolated and imprisoned in her employer s home, she finally escaped when a relative in Chicago sent a taxi to New Jersey to fetch her. Chere, represented by the ACLU, sued her employer in the District Court of New Jersey in 2005. The case, Chere v. Taye, was settled in 2005. оVeronica Cruz, an Ecuadorian domestic worker on an A-3 visa, was employed by a Latin American diplomat from 1993 through 1995. Her employers kept her imprisoned by making her fearful of leaving the house on her days off. НHilda Rosa Dos Santos of Brazil came to the United States on a G-5 visa in 1979 to work for Rene and Margarida Bonetti, also of Brazil . For nearly 20 years, she lived in slave-like conditions, suffering beatings from Margarida Bonetti and receiving no pay or medical treatment even when she suffered from a large stomach tumor. She slept in a windowless basement room and was subjected to constant fear and numerous physical and verbal assaults. A neighbor contacted officials about her medical condition and the Break the Chain Campaign for legal help. The case was so egregious that it was eventually taken over by the Justice Department, which filed criminal charges against the Bonetti. In 1999, they were indicted on charges of harboring an illegal alien. Margarida Bonetti fled to Brazil where she remains a fugitive. In 2000, Rene Bonetti was sentenced to six-and-a-half years in prison for violating immigration law and was ordered to pay $210,000.cTeresa Espinoza, a Peruvian domestic worker, was employed by a European diplomat who, prior to Espinoza s arrival in the United States, had employed six consecutive domestic workers in one year, the last of which escaped while the family was on vacation. During her tenure, Espinoza suffered from severe psychological abuse. On one occasion her employer threatened to fire her for no apparent reason, forcing her to beg to stay. Her employer made a point of reminding Espinoza that he was a diplomat and  could do whatever he wanted with her because the U.S. justice system could not reach him (HRW report).]Gila Sixtina Fernandes, a citizen of India, worked for Major Waleed Al Saleh, a Military Attachщ to the Embassy of Kuwait, and his wife, Maysaa Al Omar, for five and a half years in Kuwait. She agreed to move to the United States in August 2005 to work for them because she believed their promise of better pay and decent working conditions. But shortly after her arrival in the U.S., the diplomat and his wife confiscated Fernandes passport and made her a prisoner in their house. They forced her to work as many as nineteen hours per day, without a single day off. They did not pay her a penny directly, and only sent her family in India $346 per month. Al Omar treated Fernandes in a demeaning and abusive manner. She screamed at her when she made mistakes, restricted her ability to eat and use the bathroom, and threatened her with physical harm. Al Omar denied Fernandes access to medical care and controlled her use of the telephone. These unbearable working conditions caused Fernandes to have serious health problems, including anxiety and substantial weight loss. Believing she would die if she did not escape, Fernandes fled on January 18, 2006 together with Joaquina Quadros, another worker exploited by the same diplomats. Fernandes and two other workers are currently being represented by the ACLU in a case that is pending against the diplomats. Gila SixtinaљMs. H. came to the United States on an A-3 visa to work for an employee of the German embassy. The diplomat forced her to work 13 hour per day, doing cleaning, cooking and gardening work. They paid her only $1000 per year, roughly 48 cents per hour.џGlenda Heredia, a Peruvian domestic worker on an A-3 visa, was employed by a Latin American diplomat from May 1996 through August 1999. She was imprisoned in her employer s home, never allowed to leave during the week, and never given an explanation why.щElizabeth Iguago came to the United States from Ecuador to work for an official of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), but was illegally  loaned out to an American couple. She served as a cook, babysitter, hairdresser, and personal attendant for up to 84 hours per week at approximately 50 cents per hour. Casa of Maryland, one of the member organizations of the Break the Chain Campaign, assisted Iguago in bringing a case against the IMF official, which was settled out of court. аPaula Jimenez, a Colombian domestic worker on an A-3 visa, was employed by a Latin American diplomat from 1995 through 2001. Jimenez was held captiv< e in the diplomat s home, only allowed to leave on Sundays.ИKaka Kuwa, a Sudanese domestic worker on a G-5 visa, was employed by an African World Bank official from March through December 1997. Kuwa described her employment as  virtual bondage (Affidavit 1/22/1999)  she worked seven days per week and was paid only $200 per month. She was never allowed to leave her employer s house. The employer used threats of deportation and persecution upon her return to Sudan to ensure Kuwa s servitude._Gladys Larbi, a Ghanaian domestic worker on a G-5 visa, was employed by an African World Bank official from May 1999 though September 1999, After leaving his employ, Larbi filed a complaint against her employer with the World Bank. The employer visited Larbi s mother in Ghana and threatened her in order to convince Larbi to withdraw the complaint.ЦMs. M. came from Mexico on a G-5 visa to work for a top-level employee of the Organization of American States (OAS). She worked an average of 88 hours each week cleaning, cooking, doing laundry, playing with the children, and taking care of frequent visitors. For this work, she was paid $2.25 per hour. She was fired from her job after taking time to go to the doctor for a pre-natal check-up, which meant that she lost her legal immigration status.Liliana Martinez, a Peruvian domestic worker on a G-5 visa, was employed from November 1999 through February 2000 by a representative of a mission to the Organization of American States (OAS). Before Martinez arrived in the United States she signed an employment contract with her employer, only to find out later that the employer had no intention of adhering to the terms of the agreement. She was paid $300 per month, which her employer justified by saying that  in Peru that is a lot of money. (HRW Interview April 17, 2000)MZipora Mazengo, a Tanzanian citizen, was brought to the United States to work in the home of Alan Mzengi, a minister at the Tanzanian Embassy, and his wife Stella. Mazengo was kept as a virtual prisoner in the Mzengi residence, where she cared for the diplomat and his family and was forced to cook for the catering business they ran from their home. Mazengo suffered physical and psychological abuse at the hands of her employers, and for more than four years she was never paid for her work. Represented by lawyers from CASA de Maryland, Mazengo brought a lawsuit against her employers alleging involuntary servitude, trafficking, forced labor, all in violation of international and federal law. The case rests on the assertion that, because Mazengo worked for the couple s catering business, they are not protected by diplomatic immunity.Dora Mortey, a Ghanaian teacher, was brought to the United States by World Bank official Amarquaye Armar. She was forced to work long hours with less pay than they had agreed upon. Mortey was denied adequate food and her clothes were used to clean the bathrooms and floors.Kurinah Muka, an Indonesian citizen, was brought to the United States by a diplomat at the United Arab Emirates (UAE) Embassy. Muka was told that she would be working for a woman named Princess Halla, the mother of two of the diplomat s children. Muka was forced to work 19-hour days and was often slapped, kicked, threatened with a knife, and met with promises of death. Halla forbade Muka to bathe because Halla didn t want Muka s germs in the shower. Only allowed to eat the food that others had rejected, Muka was starved and depressed. She reported in her statement to immigration officials that she cried every night. Department of Homeland Security officials were able to track the diplomat, but he had returned to the UAE and retired. They were unable to locate Halla, who used several aliases. The Break the Chain Campaign helped Muka obtain special immigration status as a victim of trafficking.<Anita Ortega, a Guatemalan domestic worker on a G-5 visa, was employed by a high-ranking representative of a mission to the Organization of American States (OAS) from September 1995 through June 1997. She was paid $300 per month, and after room and board were deducted, her hourly wage was approximately $1.74  only 39 percent of the federal hourly minimum wage. When Ortega became ill, her employer denied her requests to see a doctor. In addition to this abusive treatment, Ortega was also sexually assaulted and harassed by her employer. Her right to freedom of movement was so severely rest<№ricted that she rarely left her employers premises. When asked why she did not file a lawsuit to seek redress for the abuses committed by her former employer, Ortega said that she thought about it but didn t know who to turn to."Margarita Perez, an Ecuadorian domestic worker on an A-3 visa, was employed by a Latin American diplomat from 1996 through 1999. 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